860 mm x 1100 mm. Engraved map, printed on four sheets, joined, numbered key to principal buildings in upper left corner below a title cartouche decorated with cornucopia with ornate moldings, with the coat of arms of the Count of Tepa below.

Tomas Lopez de Vargas Machuca (1731-1802) was a Spanish publisher and the leading cartographer of the age. He studied with Jean-Baptiste Bouguignon d'Anville in Paris, before returning to his native Madrid in 1760, when he established the only independent cartographic publishing house in Spain in 1760. He began making maps for the Bourbon kings and became Royal Geographer to King Carlos III in 1780. He was even authorised to create a geographic agency for the secretary of state in 1795.

Lopez´ map follows the one made by Ignacio de Castera Obiedo y Peralta (Mexico 1750 – 1811), a Mexican architect and cartographer. Castera gained the favour of Archibishop Nuñez Haro de Peralta and Viceroy Guemes Pacheco, which allowed him to participate in the construction of important buildings in the City of Mexico. Lopez had already published a 1758 map of Mexico City, a plain orthogonal plan of the type created by military engineers. His work was typical of late eighteenth century Spanish attempts to assert control of their empire through cartography.

Castera´s maps, however, appear to have never been published, until this edition, by Lopez. Cartographically, it resembles greatly the “Plano Ignografico de la Nobilisima Ciudad de Mexico, hecho en el año 1776 por D. Ignacio Castera, Mro. De Arquitectura y Agrimensor de tierras, aguas y minas por S. M. y aumentado en el de 1778”, thus, we are made aware of at least two maps made within 1776 and 1778 (El criollo en su reflejo, Fomento Cultura Grupo Salinas, pp. 46).

Castera´s map reflects the political, social and urban modifications suffered by the city of Mexico as a result of the reforms carried out by the Borbon kings in the second half of the 18th century. In this sense, it is the first printed map to show “modern” Mexico.

Dennis Reinhartz argued that Spain’s reluctance at the beginning of the eighteenth century to make public claims on their American territories via maps and sparse settlements “encouraged Spain’s European rivals, France and Britain, to engage in real and cartographic ‘filibustering’ campaigns in the region”. Although Castera and Lopes’ map supposedly presents a detached view, it is still fraught with ideology. Mexico City was a vital part of New Spain, the capital of the viceroyalty, the seat of the bishopric and a trading centre with links to both Asia and Europe. Carlos III, king at the time this map was made, was determined that the reforms he initiated in Spain should be copied throughout the Spanish empire, and that Spanish colonial possessions should reflect European cultural values. Protestant critics dismissed Spain's empire as an “intellectual backwater”. This plan counters these claims by displaying it in the style of a European city view - well-planned, geometric, modern - and addresses contemporary thought which equated the physical order of a state with its political efficacy. It reflects the political, social and urban modifications resulting from the reforms carried out by the Bourbon kings in the second half of the eighteenth century. In this sense, it is the first printed map to show “modern” Mexico.

To the lower right of the plan is a key listing districts, monastic houses, convents, non-religious buildings, public buildings, and canals. The plan clearly shows the Alameda Park, the Zócalo (Plaza Mayor), and the Cathedral of the Assumption of Mary. To the lower left is a note stating that the street names were taken from a manuscript map of the city provided by Don Francisco Xavier Machado y Fiesco.

The plan is dedicated to Don Francisco Leandro de Viana, the Count of Tepa (1730-1804). Viana was active in the colonial administration of the Spanish Empire, and made his reputation protecting the interest of natives in the Philippines. He would eventually settle in Mexico after marrying into the Mexican nobility and was eventually appointed as Alcalde de Crimen (criminal judge) and Oidor (royal judge) there, two of the highest-ranking judicial positions that could be held in the Spanish empire.

JCB doesn´t own a copy of the map, referencing a later impression on wove paper. The map is very rare, we are only able to trace seven extant examples of the map (Berkley; British Library; N.Y.P.L; University of Illinois; Harvard; Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid; Laval, Canada). We have not been able to trace the map as having sold at auction.

López Gómez, and Antonio Porto Manso, Carmen, ['Cartography of the eighteenth century. Tomas Lopez at the Royal Academy of History'], Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, 2006, no.173, p. 418; Francaviglia, Mapping and Imagination in the Great Basin, p.35; Kagan and Marías, Urban Images of the Hispanic World; Marley, Historic Cities of the Americas; El criollo en su reflejo, Fomento Cultura Grupo Salinas, pp. 46.